In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, disabled people found themselves futhermore disabled. A deaf man walked through the flood waters carrying a legless man on his back for hours before they found firm ground. A pair of brothers was found at their uplifted house, not aware of the hurricane or the flooding because they are deaf and blind. Several deaf families seeked help at the Superdome but no one understood them. At the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, a single interpreter was run into exhaustion going forth and back between two buildings where the deaf evacees were placed. Elderly, unable to flee the floodings, died in the nursing homes.
Over and over through time in the United States, people with disabilities have been overlooked in natural or man-made disasters. Several agencies are concerned about this matter, especially after September 11, 2001. The National Council on Disability, the United States Department of Transportation, the President's committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, and Americans with Disabilities advocates are among the agencies that focus on people with disabilities-related concerns, such as employment, physical and mental health and, of course, natural and/or man-made disasters. Those agencies work toward the goal of improving emergency preparedness for individuals with disabilities.
The National Council on Disability and the Anneberg Washington Program studied what is needed for the emergency preparedness of people with disabilities. Mainly the agency found that barriers for disabled people continue because any new information or accessible lessons developed during former disasters are not put into future preparedness and planning. After any disasters, disabled people have limited or no access to emergency centers; the distribution of much needed water and food may be inaccessible to people in wheelchairs, for example. Limited access to communication is often found during and after the disaster, making it harder for the individuals with disabilities, especially with deafness. Interpreters reported that more often than not, evacees staying at the convention center had to listen to the continuous announcements from the public address system while the deaf people had no idea what was going on unless an interpreter was there. The deaf evacees were a week behind in receiving needed services at the Astrodome due to limited communication. During disasters, electricity could be shut down and that can be incapalitating for people relying on respirators, and/or motorized wheelchairs. A woman with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was carried 68 flights of stairs by two heroic men right after the first plane hit the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 because she could not use her motorized wheelchair or the elevator.
Red Cross and FEMA have been criticized by people with disabilities because those agencies do not consider the disabled people when disasters occur. Often these agencies set up evacuation centers or shelters that are inaccessible to people with disabilities. Interpreters reported that when the hurricane predicted to hit Texas, they volunteered to drive a deaf group to a shelter that was handicapped-accessible, but when they arrived there, the shelter was full. So they were sent to another shelter and another before they finally found a shelter for the deaf group. However, nothing was put aside for them such as cots or food. So the interpreters used their pagers to contact the deaf community for help and the deaf community was very happy to donate air mattresses, food and blankets.
Blanck identified key issues that need to be tackled for the people with disabilities. The key issues are 1) ensure that there are accessible locations and services; 2) that the communication and information is accessible to the victims; 3) assure that information for caregivers is reliable and accessible; 4) working with media; 5) working with the disability community; 6) preparing and training for future disasters; and 7) setting up universal design/access and strategies. To explain further the goals are to ensure that the information is accurate and that the people with disabilities get needed supplies and equipment. First, the shelters, evacuation centers and distribution locations(food, water and services) are to be accessible for the people with disabilities. Second, the disabled victims need access to communication and information. For example, they may need to know if other relatives or friends are safe, or if they are to be put in housing. Third, the rescue and crisis intervention personnel need to know where the people are, in order to ensure that they have appropriate tools (such as an interpreter), and track the people for appropriate treatment. Fourth, involving the media will get more attention for the needs for the people with disabilities. After the flooding killed the elderly, media alerted the public and so there was an investigation into on if the elderly could have been safely evacuated before the hurricane hit. Also FCC is responsible to ensure that information is accessible to people with disabilities, including closed captioning during emergencies. Fifth, the disability organizations need to work with rescue, relief, media and state organizations to educate these agencies about the special needs of the disabled community and work together on setting up preparedness plans. Sixth, the rescue and relief organizations need to know what medical gear they will need and how to use this equipment. An example would be how to set up insulin pumps for diabetic people. Seventh, the federal and state government working with the rescue organizations in setting up universal design. This will greatly help and make activities smoother for the volunteers, doctors, rescue folks, as well for the people with and without disabilities.
After the Northridge earthquake, the San Francisco Independent Living Resource Center set up tips for people with disabilities. They have a website and pamphets that are available for the public to read and use. For the mobile challenged, the list includes storing a battery for the motorized wheelchair and a backup equipment such as a walker, crutches or cane. The deaf individual is advised to install visual smoke alarms, and to have written communication to be used for emergency personnel; as well as storing batteries for the TDD (Telecommunication Device for Deaf.) The agency also suggests that the disabled individuals set up a network for personal support. In that in mind, if an emergency occurs, someone can check upon the individual and provide assistance if wanted. Also suggestions are to have a self-assessment on what the individual is able and unable to do in emergencies (such as a person depending on a wheelchair may be unable to go down the stairs yet able to use the phone to ask for assistance.)
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, programs ensuring safety for disabled people in emergencies is required of the local governments. The guide says that the government needs to work with the disabled community in planning and educating the public how to work with the rescue and relief organizations and in turn the rescue and relief organizations need to learn how to work with the disabled community in how to communicate, provide appropriate equipment, and provide appropriate shelters if needed.
The bottom line is that many improvements are needed to be done for the people with disabilities in case of emergencies, including natural and man-made disasters. If not for the two men, Tina with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis would have died in the World Trade Center. If not for the interpreters at the Astrdome, the deaf evacuees would not have "heard" the announcements for housing, food and registration information. Without the accessible information and volunteers, those individuals would experience a disaster of their own within the natural/man-made disaster.
References:
An ADA guide for Local Government: Making Community Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs Accessible to People with Disabilities.
Http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/emergencyprep.htm
Blanck, Peter David. Disaster Mitigation for People with Disabilities: Fostering a New Dialogue.
Http://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/disada/
Lathrop, Douglas. Disaster! If you have a disability, the forces of nature can be meaner to you than anyone else, but you can fight back. Be prepared.
Http://www.accessiblesociety.org/topics/independentliving/disaster.htm
Quigley, Mark. National Council on Disability Calls for Immediate Changes in Emergency Planning for People with Disasters.
Http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/news/2005/r05-486.htm
Parks, Louis B. and Warren, Karen. Unable to hear, many were left lost.
Http://www.chron.com/disp/story/mpl/front/3348415.html
Earthquake tips for People with Mobility Disablities. Earthquake Tips for Hearing Impaired.
Http://www.preparenow.org/eqtmdis.html and Http://preparenow.org/deaf/html
Written by Jules
